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Что (кто) такое permanent magnetism - определение

MAGNETIZATION THAT REMAINS IN MATERIAL AFTER AN EXTERNAL MAGNETIC FORCE HAS BEEN REMOVED

Remanent Magnetism; Retentivity; Residual flux density; Remanent; Remanent magnetization; Remanent magnetism; Saturation isothermal remanence; Permanent magnetization; Magnetic remanence; Residual magnetization

Permanent Deputation

PARLIAMENTARY BODY IN SPAIN

Permanent deputation

The Permanent Deputation, in Spain, is a parliamentary body consisting of a reduced number of members of parliament which assume the legislative powers of the Parliament when it is not in session. The members of this body are chosen proportionally to the number of deputies that each political group has.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Deputation

History of the railway track

HISTORY OF RAIL TRANSPORT TRACKS

Permanent way: historical development; Fish bellied rail; Permanent way (history)

The railway track or permanent way is the elements of railway lines: generally the pairs of rails typically laid on the sleepers or ties embedded in ballast, intended to carry the ordinary trains of a railway. It is described as permanent way because in the earlier days of railway construction, contractors often laid a temporary track to transport spoil and materials about the site; when this work was substantially completed, the temporary track was taken up and the permanent way installed.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_railway_track

Permanent marker

TYPE OF MARKER PEN THAT IS USED TO CREATE PERMANENT OR SEMI-PERMANENT WRITING ON AN OBJECT

Indelible marker; Permanent markers; Permanent texta; Artline 130; Jumbo pen; Artline (marker); Artline (permanent marker); Artliner (marker pen)

A permanent marker or indelible marker is a type of marker pen that is used to create permanent or semi-permanent writing on an object. In general, the ink comprises a main carrier solvent, a glyceride, a pyrrolidone, a resin and a colorant,Ink composition resistant to solvent evaporation -- US Patent 7084191 Description.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_marker

Википедия

Remanence

Remanence or remanent magnetization or residual magnetism is the magnetization left behind in a ferromagnetic material (such as iron) after an external magnetic field is removed. Colloquially, when a magnet is "magnetized", it has remanence. The remanence of magnetic materials provides the magnetic memory in magnetic storage devices, and is used as a source of information on the past Earth's magnetic field in paleomagnetism. The word remanence is from remanent + -ence, meaning "that which remains".

The equivalent term residual magnetization is generally used in engineering applications. In transformers, electric motors and generators a large residual magnetization is not desirable (see also electrical steel) as it is an unwanted contamination, for example a magnetization remaining in an electromagnet after the current in the coil is turned off. Where it is unwanted, it can be removed by degaussing.

Sometimes the term retentivity is used for remanence measured in units of magnetic flux density.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remanence